Sardis was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Lydia, later the seat of a judicial district in the Roman province of Asia, and in late antiquity and Byzantine times the capital of the province of Lydia. The remains of the city are located about ten kilometres west of the present-day city of Salihli.

The former kingdom of Lydia was highly developed in crafts and trades, and Sardis was considered to be the main centre of production, with the manufacture and dyeing of delicate wool material and carpets at its centre. In Hittite times the town was probably called Uda, under the Heraklids Hyde.

Sardis also became the starting point for the 2,500 km long Persian royal road to Persepolis. In 499 BC, Sardis and its temples were destroyed by the Greeks during the Ionian Uprising, which was avenged by them in the subsequent Persian Wars.
With the victory of Alexander the Great in the Battle of Granicos in 334 BC, Sardis came under Hellenistic control.

Under the Seleucids, Jewish war veterans were settled in Sardis, which in turn later favoured the emergence of an early Christian community. From 133 BC, Sardis became part of the Roman province of Asia and the capital of a judicial district.
In 17 A.D. Sardis was struck by a severe earthquake that devastated the entire district. Tiberius then waived all taxes on the city for five years and donated 10,000,000 sesterces for reconstruction.

When Constantinople became the capital of the Byzantine Empire, a new road system developed connecting the provinces with the capital. Sardis was thus increasingly marginalized and lost its importance. However, the city retained its formal sovereignty and remained the bishop's seat of the province of Lydia from 295. After Ephesus and Smyrna, the city took third place in the Thracian theme cities of Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos in the 10th century; but over the following four centuries it was overshadowed by the provinces of Magnesia ad Sipylum and Philadelphia, which consolidated their role in the region.

Until the 19th century, Sardis was deserted and mainly Roman buildings were visible. Since 1958, Harvard University and Cornell University have supported annual archaeological expeditions to Sardis. Today's ruined town has been partially restored to its former splendour.

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